Adoption
If you wish to adopt a child or need some advice on adoption, feel free to contact us in that regard.
The relevant sections applicable in the Children's Act 38 of 2005 are outlined below. Chapter 15 of the Act is of importance.
The Children's Act on Adoption
CHAPTER 15
ADOPTION
Adoption
228. A child is adopted if the child has been placed in the permanent care of a person
in terms of a court order that has the effects contemplated in section 242.
Purposes of adoption
229. The purposes of adoption are to-
(a) protect and nurture children by providing a safe, healthy environment with
positive support; and
(b) promote the goals of permanency planning by connecting children to other
safe and nurturing family relationships intended to last a lifetime.
Child who may be adopted
230. (1) Any child may be adopted if-
(a) the adoption is in the best interests of the child;
(b) the child is adoptable; and
(c) the provisions of this Chapter are complied with.
(2) An adoption social worker must make an assessment to determine whether a child
(3) A child is adoptable if-
(a) the child is an orphan and has no guardian or caregiver who is willing to adopt
the child;
(b) the whereabouts of the child’s parent or guardian cannot be established;
(c) the child has been abandoned;
(d) the child’s parent or guardian has abused or deliberately neglected the child, or
has allowed the child to be abused or deliberately neglected; or
(e) the child is in need of a permanent alternative placement.
Persons who may adopt child
231. (1) A child may be adopted-
(a) jointly by-
(i) a husband and wife;
(ii) partners in a permanent domestic life-partnership; or
(iii) other persons sharing a common household and forming a permanent
family unit;
(b) by a widower, widow, divorced or unmarried person;
(c) by a married person whose spouse is the parent of the child or by a person
(d) by the biological father of a child born out of wedlock; or
(e) by the foster parent of the child.
(2) A prospective adoptive parent must be-
(a) fit and proper to be entrusted with full parental responsibilities and rights in
respect of the child;
(b) willing and able to undertake, exercise and maintain those responsibilities and
rights ;
(c) over the age of 18 years; and
(d) properly assessed by an adoption social worker for compliance with
paragraphs (a) and (b).
(3) In the assessment of a prospective adoptive parent, an adoption social worker may
take the cultural and community diversity of the adoptable child and prospective
adoptive parent into consideration.
(4) A person may not be disqualified from adopting a child by virtue of his or her
financial status.
(5) Any person who adopts a child may apply for means-tested social assistance
where applicable.
(6) A person unsuitable to work with children is not a fit and proper person to adopt
a child.
(7) (a) The biological father of a child who does not have guardianship in respect of
the child in terms of Chapter 3 or the foster parent of a child has the right to be
considered as a prospective adoptive parent when the child becomes available for
adoption.
(b) A person referred to in paragraph (a) must be regarded as having elected not to
apply for the adoption of the child if that person fails to apply for the adoption of the
child within 30 days after a notice calling on that person to do so has been served on him
or her by the sheriff.
(8) A family member of a child who, prior to the adoption, has given notice to the
clerk of the children’s court that he or she is interested in adopting the child has the right
to be considered as a prospective adoptive parent when the child becomes available for
adoption.
Register on Adoptable Children and Prospective Adoptive Parents
232. (1) The Director-General must keep and maintain a register to be called the
Register on Adoptable Children and Prospective Adoptive Parents for the purpose of-
(a) keeping a record of adoptable children; and
(b) keeping a record of fit and proper adoptive parents.
(2) The name and other identifying information of a child may be entered into RACAP if the child is adoptable as contemplated in section 230 (3).
(3) The name and other identifying information of a child must be removed from RACAP if the child has been adopted.
(4) A person may be registered in the prescribed manner as a prospective adoptive
parent if-
(a) section 23 l(2) has been complied with; and
(b) the person is a citizen or permanent resident of the Republic.
(a) is valid for a period of three years;
(b) may be renewed as prescribed;
(c) ceases-
(i) on written notice of withdrawal being given to the Director-General;
(ii) on the death of the registered person;
(iii) on cancellation by the Director-General if the registered person is no
(5) Registration of a person as a prospective adoptive parent-
(aa) a fit and proper person to be entrusted with full parental responsibilities and rights in respect of the child; and
(bb) willing and able to undertake, exercise and maintain those responsibilities and rights.
(iv) if the registered person is no longer a citizen or permanent resident of the
Republic;
(v) if a child contemplated in section 150 is removed from the care of that
registered person; or
(vi) if the registered person is convicted of an offence involving violence.
(6) Only the Director-General and officials in the Department designated by the
Director-General have access to RACAP, but the Director-General may, on such
conditions as the Director-General may determine, allow access t o-
(a) a provincial head of social development or an official of a provincial
department of social development designated by the head of that department;
(b) a child protection organisation accredited in terms of section 25 1 to provide
adoption services; or
(c) a child protection organisation accredited in terms of section 259 to provide
inter-country adoption services.
233. Consent to adoption
(1) A child may be adopted only if consent for the adoption has been given by-
(a) each parent of the child, regardless of whether the parents are married or not:
Provided that, if the parent is a child, that parent is assisted by his or her
guardian;
(b) any other person who holds guardianship in respect of the child; and
(c) the child, if the child is-
(i) 10 years of age or older; or
(ii) under the age of 10 years, but is of an age, maturity and stage of
development to understand the implications of such consent.
(2) Subsection (1) excludes a parent or person referred to in section 236 and a child
may be adopted without the consent of such parent or person.
(3) If the parent of a child wishes the child to be adopted by a particular person the
parent must state the name of that person in the consent.
(4) Before consent for the adoption of the child is granted in terms of subsection (l),
the adoption social worker facilitating the adoption of the child must counsel the parents
of the child and, where applicable, the child on the decision to make the child available
for adoption.
(5) The eligibility of the person contemplated in subsection (3) as an adoptive parent
must be determined by a children’s court in terms of section 231 (2).
(6) Consent referred to in subsection (1) and given-
a) in the Republic, must be-
(i) signed by the person consenting in the presence of a presiding officer of
the children’s court;
(ii) signed by the child in the presence of a presiding officer of the children’s
court if the consent of the child is required in terms of subsection (l)(c);
(iii) verified by the presiding officer of the children’s court in the prescribed
manner; and
(iv) filed by the clerk of the children’s court pending an application for the
adoption of the child; or
(b) outside the Republic, must be-
(i) signed by the person consenting in the presence of the prescribed person;
(ii) verified in the prescribed manner and by the prescribed person; and
(iii) submitted to and filed by a clerk of the children’s court pending an
application for the adoption of the child.
(7) The court may on good cause shown condone any deficiency in the provision of
a consent given outside the Republic in that the consent-
(a) was not signed in the presence of the prescribed person; or
(b) was not verified in the prescribed manner or by the prescribed person.
(8) A person referred to in subsection (1) who has consented to the adoption of the
child may withdraw the consent within 60 days after having signed the consent, after
which the consent is final.
234. Post adoption agreements
(1) The parent or guardian of a child may, before an application for the adoption
of a child is made in terms of section 239, enter into a post-adoption agreement with a prospective adoptive parent of that child to provide for-
(a) communication, including visitation between the child and the parent or
guardian concerned and such other person as may be stipulated in the
agreement; and
(b) the provision of information, including medical information, about the child,
after the application for adoption is granted.
(2) An agreement contemplated in subsection (1) may not be entered into without the
consent of the child if the child is of an age, maturity and stage of development to understand the implications of such an agreement.
(3) The adoption social worker facilitating the adoption of the child must assist the
parties in preparing a post-adoption agreement and counsel them on the implications of
such an agreement.
(4) A court may, when granting an application in terms of section 239 for the adoption
of the child, confirm a post-adoption agreement if it is in the best interests of the child.
(5) A post-adoption agreement must be in the prescribed format.
(6) A post-adoption agreement-
(a) takes effect only if made an order of court;
(b) may be amended or terminated only by an order of court on application-
(i) by a party to the agreement; or
(ii) by the adopted child.
235 Freeing Orders
(1) The court, on application by the Department, a provincial department of
social development, a child protection organisation accredited in terms of section 25 1 to
provide adoption services or an adoption social worker may issue an order freeing a
parent or person whose consent to the adoption of the child is required in terms of
section 233 from parental responsibilities and rights in respect of the child pending the
adoption of the child.
(2) The parent or person whose consent to the adoption of the child is required in
terms of section 233 must support an application for a freeing order.
(3) A freeing order must authorise a child protection organisation accredited in terms
section 251 to provide adoption services or a person to exercise parental
responsibilities and rights in respect of the child pending the adoption of the child.
(4) A freeing order lapses if-
(a) the child has not been adopted within a period of 12 months and there is no
reasonable prospects that the child will be adopted;
(b) the order is terminated by the court on the ground that it is no longer in the best
interests of the child; or
(c) the child, parent or person who consented to the adoption withdraws such consent in terms of section 233 (8).
(5) A freeing order relieves a parent or person from the duty to contribute to the
maintenance of the child pending the adoption, unless the court orders otherwise.
236 When consent not required
(1) The consent of a parent or guardian of the child to the adoption of the child,
Is not necessary if that parent or guardian-
(a) is incompetent to give consent due to mental illness;
(b) has abandoned the child, or if the whereabouts of that parent or guardian
cannot be established, or if the identity of that parent or guardian is unknown;
(c) has abused or deliberately neglected the child, or has allowed the child to be
Abused or deliberately neglected;
(d) has consistently failed to fulfil his or her parental responsibilities towards the
child during the last 12 months;
(e) has been divested by an order of court of the right to consent to the adoption of the child; or
(f) has failed to respond to a notice of the proposed adoption referred to in section 238 within 30 days of service of the notice.
(2) Consent to the adoption of a child is not required if-
(a)the child is an orphan and has no guardian or caregiver who is willing and able
to adopt the child; and
(b) the court is provided with certified copies of the child’s parent’s or guardian’s
death certificate or such other documentation as may be required by the court.
(3) if the parent referred to in subsection (1) is the biological father of the child, the
of that parent to the adoption is not necessary if-
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(a) that biological father is not married to the child’s mother or was not married
to her at the time of conception or at any time thereafter, and has not
acknowledged in a manner set out in subsection (4) that he is the biological
father of the child;
(b) the child was conceived from an incestuous relationship between that
biological father and the mother; or
(c) the court, following an allegation by the mother of the child, finds on a balance
of probabilities that the child was conceived as a result of the rape of the
mother: Provided that such a finding shall not constitute a conviction for the crime of rape.
(4) A person referred to in subsection (3)(a) can for the purposes of that subsection acknowledge that he is the biological of a child-
(a) by giving a written acknowledgment that he is the biological father of the
child either to the mother or the clerk of the children’s court before the child
reaches the age of six months;
(b) by voluntarily paying maintenance in respect of the child;
(c) by paying damages in terms of customary law; or
(d) by causing particulars of himself to be entered in the registration of birth of the
child in terms of section 10(1) (b) or section 11(4) of the Births and Deaths Registration Act, 1992 (Act 51 of 1992).
(5) A children’s court may on a balance of probabilities make a finding as to the
existence of a ground on which a parent or person is excluded in terms of this section
from giving consent to the adoption of a child.
237. Gathering of information for proposed adoption
(1) When a child becomes available for adoption, the clerk of the children’s court
must take-
(a) the prescribed steps to establish the name and address of each person whose
consent for the adoption is required in terms of section 233; and
(b) reasonable steps to establish the name of any person whose consent would
have been necessary but for section 236, and the grounds on which such
person’s consent is not required.
(2) A person who has consented to the adoption of a child in terms of section 233 and
who wants the court to dispense with any other person’s consent on a ground set out in
section 236, must submit a statement to that effect to the clerk of the children’s court.
(3) A clerk of the children’s court may request the Director-General: Home Affairs to
disclose any information contained in the registration of birth of a child, including the
identity and other particulars of a person who has acknowledged being the father or the
mother of the child.
(4) If a social worker involved in the proposed adoption of a child obtains information
regarding the identity and whereabouts of a person contemplated in subsection (l), the
social worker must without delay submit a report containing that information to the clerk
of the children’s court.
238. Notice to be given of proposed adoption
(1) When a child becomes available for adoption, the presiding officer must
without delay cause the sheriff to serve a notice on each person whose consent to the
adoption is required in terms of section 233.
(2) The notice must-
(a) inform the person whose consent is sought of the proposed adoption of the
child; and
(b) request that person either to consent to or to withhold consent for the adoption,
or, if that person is the biological father of the child to whom the mother is not
married, request him to consent to or withhold consent for the adoption, or to
apply in terms of section 239 for the adoption of the child.
(3) If a person on whom a notice in terms of subsection (1) has been served fails to
comply with a request contained in the notice within 30 days, that person must be
regarded as having consented to the adoption.
239. Application for adoption order
(1) An application for the adoption of a child must-
(a) be made to a children’s court in the prescribed manner;
(b) be accompanied by a report, in the prescribed format, by an adoption social
(i) information on whether the child is adoptable as contemplated in section
230(3);
(ii) information on whether the adoption is in the best interests of the child;
and
worker containing-
(iii) prescribed medical information in relation to the child.
(c) be accompanied by an assessment referred to in section 23 1(2)(d);
(d)be accompanied by a letter by the provincial head of social development
recommending the adoption of the child; and
(e) contain such prescribed particulars.
(2) When an application for the adoption of a child is brought before a children’s court, the clerk of the children’s court must submit to the court-
(a) any consent for the adoption of the child filed with a clerk of the children’s
court in terms of section 233(6);
(b) any information established by a clerk of the children’s court in terms of
(c) any written responses to requests in terms of section 237(2);
(d) a report on any failure to respond to those requests; and
(3) An applicant has no access to any documents lodged with the court by other parties
except with the permission of the court.
240. Consideration of adoption application
(1) When considering an application for the adoption of a child, the court must
take into account all relevant factors, including-
(a) the religious and cultural background of-
(i) the child;
(ii) the child’s parent; and
(iii) the prospective adoptive parent;
(b) all reasonable preferences expressed by a parent and stated in the consent; and
(c) a report contemplated in section 239(1)(b).
(2) A children’s court considering an application may make an order for the adoption
Of a child only if-
(a) the adoption is in the best interests of the child;
(b) the prospective adoptive parent complies with section 23 l(2);
(c) subject to section 241, consent for the adoption has been given in terms of
section 233;
(d) consent has not been withdrawn in terms of section 233(8); and
(e) section 231(7) has been complied with, in the case of an application for the
adoption of a child in foster care by a person other than the child’s foster
parent.
241. Unreasonable withholding of consent
(1) If a parent or person referred to in section 233( 1) withholds consent for the
adoption of a child a children’s court may, despite the absence of such consent, grant an
order for the adoption of the child if the court finds that-
(a) consent has unreasonably been withheld; and
(b) the adoption is in the best interests of the child.
(2) In determining whether consent is being withheld unreasonably, the court must
(a) the nature of the relationship during the last two years between the child and
the person withholding consent and any findings by a court in this respect; and
(b) the prospects of a sound relationship developing between the child and the
person withholding consent in the immediate future.
242. Effect of adoption order
(1) Except when provided otherwise in the order or in a post-adoption agreement
(a) all parental responsibilities and rights any person, including a parent,
step-parent or partner in a domestic life partnership, had in respect of the child
immediately before the adoption;
(b) all claims to contact with the child by any family member of a person referred
to in paragraph (a);
(c) all rights and responsibilities the child had in respect of a person referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) immediately before the adoption; and
(d) any previous order made in respect of the placement of the child.
(2) An adoption order-
(a) confers full parental responsibilities and rights in respect of the adopted child
upon the adoptive parent;
(b) confers the surname of the adoptive parent on the adopted child, except when
otherwise provided in the order;
(c) does not permit any marriage or sexual intercourse between the child and any
other person which would have been prohibited had the child not been
adopted; and
(d) does not affect any rights to property the child acquired before the adoption.
(3) An adopted child must for all purposes be regarded as the child of the adoptive
parent and an adoptive parent must for all purposes be regarded as the parent of the
adopted child.
243. Rescission of adoption order
(1) A High Court or children’s court may rescind an adoption order on
application by-
(a) the adopted child;
(b) a parent of the adopted child or other person who had guardianship in respect
of the child immediately before the adoption; or
(c) the adoptive parent of the child. 30
(2) An application in terms of subsection (1) must be lodged within a reasonable time
(3) An adoption order may be rescinded only if -
(a) rescission of the order is in the best interests of the child; and
(b) the applicant is a parent of the child whose consent was required for the
adoption order to be made, but whose consent was not obtained; or
(c) at the time of making the adoption order the adoptive parent did not qualify as
such in terms of section 231.
(4) Notice of an application for rescission of an adoption order must be given to -
(a) the adoptive parent of that child, if any other person brings the application;
(b) all persons who have consented to the adoption in terms of section 233 or who
have withheld consent to the adoption in terms of section 241, if the child or
the adoptive parent brings the application;
(c) the Central Authority in the case of an inter-country adoption; and
(d) any other person whom the court finds has a sufficient interest in the matter.
244. Effect of rescission
(1) As from the date on which the rescission of an adoption order takes effect-
(a) the effects of the adoption order as set out in section 242(2) and (3) no longer
applies in respect of the child concerned; and
(b) all responsibilities, rights and other matters terminated by section 242(1) in
respect of the child are restored.
(a) make an appropriate placement order in respect of the child concerned; or
(b) order that the child be kept in temporary safe care until an appropriate
placement order can be made.
(2) When rescinding an adoption order the court may-
(a) make an appropriate placement order in respect of the child concerned; or
(b) order that the child be kept in temporary safe care until an appropriate placement order can
be made.
245 Recording of adoption in births register
(1) After an adoption order has been made by a children’s court in respect of a
child whose birth has been registered in the Republic, the adoptive parent of the child
must apply in terms of the applicable law to the Director-General: Home Affairs to
record the adoption and any change of surname of the child in the births register.
(2) an application in terms of subsection (1) must be accompanied by-
(a) the relevant adoption order as registered by the adoption registrar;
(b) the birth certificate of the child;
(c) the prescribed birth registration form; and
(d) a fee prescribed in terms of any applicable law, if any.
246 Registration of birth and recording of adoption of child born outside Republic
(1) After an adoption order has been made by a children’s court in respect of a
child born outside the Republic, the adoptive parent of the child must apply in terms of
any applicable law to the Director-General: Home Affairs to register the birth of the
child and to record the adoption of the child in the birth register.
(2) An application in terms of subsection (1) must be accompanied by-
(a) the relevant adoption order as registered by the adoption registrar;
(b) the birth certificate of the adopted child or, if the birth certificate is not
available-
(i) other documentary evidence relating to the date of birth of the child; or
(ii) a certificate signed by a presiding officer of a children’s court specifying
the age or estimated age of the child;
(c) the prescribed birth registration form, completed as far as possible and signed
by the adoptive parent; and
(d) a fee prescribed in terms of any applicable law, if any.
247 Adoption register
(1) A person designated by the Director-General as the adoption registrar must,
In the prescribed manner, record information pertaining to and keep a register of-
(a) the registration numbers allocated to records of adoption cases;
(b) the personal details of adopted children, of their biological parents and of their
adoptive parents;
(c) particulars of successful appeals against and rescissions of adoption orders;
and
(d) all other prescribed information in connection with adoptions.
(2) A clerk of the children’s court must-
(a) keep a record of all adoption cases by a children’s court, including all adoption
orders issued by the court, in the prescribed manner;
(b) as soon as is practicable after an adoption order has been issued, forward the
adoption order, a copy of the record of the adoption inquiry and other
prescribed documents relating to the adoption to the adoption registrar; and
(c) in the case of an inter-country adoption, forward copies of the documents
referred to in paragraph (b) to the Central Authority.
(2) A clerk of the children’s court must-
(a) Keep record of all adoption cases by a children’s court, including all adoption orders issued by the court, in the prescribed manner;
(b) as soon as is practicable after an adoption order has been issued, forward the adoption order, a copy of the record of the adoption inquiry and other prescribed documents relating to the adoption registrar; and
(c) in the case of an inter-country adoption, forward copies of the documents referred to in paragraph (b) to the central authority.
Access to adoption register 248
. (1) The information contained in the adoption register may not be disclosed to any person, except-
(a) to an adopted child after the child has reached the age of 18 years;
(b) to the adoptive parent of an adopted child after the child has reached the age 18 years;
(c) to the biological parent or a previous adoptive parent of an adopted child after
reached the age of 18 years, but only if the adoptive parent and the adopted child give their consent in writing;
(d) for any official purposes subject to conditions determined by the Director-
(e) by an order of court, if the court finds that such disclosure is in the best
interests of the adopted child; or
(f)for purposes of research: Provided that no information that would reveal the
identity of an adopted child or his or her adoptive or biological parent is
revealed.
(2) The Director-General may require a person to receive counselling before
disclosing any information contained in the adoption register to that person in terms of
subsection (l)(a), (b), (c) or (e).
(3) Notwithstanding subsection (l), an adopted child or an adoptive parent is entitled
to have access to any medical information concerning-
(a) the adopted child; or
(b) the biological parents of the adopted child, if such information relates directly
to the health of the adopted child.
(4) Notwithstanding subsection (l), parties to a post-adoption agreement as
contemplated in section 234 are entitled to have access to such information about the
child as has been stipulated in the agreement.
249 No consideration in respect of adoption
(1) No person may-
(a) give or receive, or agree to give or receive, any consideration, in cash or in
kind, for the adoption of a child in terms of Chapter 15 or Chapter 16; or
(b) induce a person to give up a child for adoption in terms of Chapter 15 or
Chapter 16.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to-
(a) the biological mother of a child receiving compensation for-
(i) reasonable medical expenses incurred in connection with her pregnancy,
birth of the child and follow-up treatment;
(ii) reasonable expenses incurred for counselling; or
(iii) any other prescribed expenses;
(b) a lawyer, psychologist or other professional person receiving fees and
expenses for services provided in connection with an adoption;
(c) the Central Authority of the Republic contemplated in section 257 receiving
prescribed fees;
(d) a child protection organisation accredited in terms of section 25 1 to provide
adoption services, receiving the prescribed fees;
(e) a child protection organisation accredited to provide inter-country adoption
services receiving the prescribed fees;
(f) an organ of state; or
(g) any other prescribed persons.
250 Only certain persons allowed to provide adoption service
(1) No person may provide adoption services except-
(a) a child protection organisation accredited in terms of section 25 1 to provide
adoption services;
(b) an adoption social worker;
(c) the Central Authority in the case of inter-country adoptions; or
(d) a child protection organisation accredited in terms of section 259 to provide
inter-country adoption services.
(2) Subsection (1) does not prohibit the rendering of professional services in
connection with the adoption of a child by a lawyer, psychologist or a member of any
other profession.
(3) A welfare organisation referred to in section 107 which was lawfully engaged in providing adoption services when this section took effect may, despite the provisions of subsection (1), continue with such services for a period of two years without being accredited in terms of section 251to provide adoption services, but must within that period apply for such accreditation in terms of section 251.
251 Accreditation to provide adoption service
(1) The Director-General may in terms of a prescribed process accredit-
(a) a social worker in private practice as an adoption social worker to provide
adoption services; and
(b) a child protection organisation to provide adoption services.
(2) The Director-General must keep a register of all adoption social workers and child
protection organisations accredited to perform adoption services.
252 Advertising
(1) No person may publish or cause to be published in any form or by any means
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in respect of-
(a) the publication of a notice in terms of this Act or a court order;
(b) an advertisement by a child protection organisation accredited to provide
adoption services for purposes of recruitment, according to prescribed
guidelines; or
(c) other forms of advertisements specified by regulation.
Regulations 253.
The Minister, after consultation with the Minister for Justice and Constitutional
Development in respect of regulations dealing with court orders, may make regulations-
(a) prescribing procedures for determining whether a child has been abandoned
by a parent or other person who has parental responsibilities and rights in
respect of the child;
(b) determining procedures to be followed to locate persons whose whereabouts
are unknown for obtaining their consent to adoptions;
(c) prescribing procedures for determining the age of a child;
(d) determining procedures for payment for adoption services undertaken by
persons or organisations to prevent conflict of interests from arising;
(e) prescribing the requirements that a child welfare organisation has to comply
with for accreditation as contemplated in section 251 to provide adoption
prescribing the requirements that a child welfare organisation has to comply
with for accreditation as contemplated in section 259 to provide inter-country adoption services;
(g) prescribing advertising guidelines for recruitment purposes; and
(h) regarding other ancillary or incidental administrative or procedural matter
that it may be necessary to prescribe to facilitate the proper implementation or
administration of this Chapter.
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If you are looking for the contact details of Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf in Cape Town, they are as follows:
Chambers: 304 | 3rd Floor | 37 Stand Strand | Cape Town | Western Cape
Office: 021 811 7786 (Neotel) Fax: 086 606 7786 (Fax to email)
Mobile.: 083 731 9816
Skype.: m.abduroaf
Email: litigation@ourlawyer.co.za
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